Agudelo-Restrepo, Manuela · Dibouloul, Patrick · Harms, Karen · et al.

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Figure 4 Key NOESY (a) and HMBC (b) correlations in 1a.

Agudelo-Restrepo, Manuela · Dibouloul, Patrick · Harms, Karen · et al.

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Figure 3 Structures of compounds 1–7.

Agudelo-Restrepo, Manuela · Dibouloul, Patrick · Harms, Karen · et al.

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Figure 2 Schizothecium keniense (ex-type strain CCF 6931). A. Ascoma; B. Groups of agglutinated hairs in the upper part of the ascoma; C. Ascomatal wall of textura angularis to globulosa; D, E. Ascospores; F. Ascospore with upper and lower cell (arrow indicates germ pore of the upper cell); G. Ascospore with mucilaginous appendage in the upper cell. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 50 µm (B); 10 µm (C–G).

Agudelo-Restrepo, Manuela · Dibouloul, Patrick · Harms, Karen · et al.

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Figure 1 Randomized accelerated maximum likelihood (RAxML) phylogram obtained from the combined sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the nuclear rDNA large subunit (LSU), and fragments of ribosomal polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2) and β-tubulin (tub2) genes of type and reference strains belonging to the Schizotheciaceae. Bootstrap support values ≥ 70 / Bayesian posterior probability scores ≥ 0.95 are indicated along branches. Branch lengths are proportional to distance. New species proposed in the present study is indicated in bold. T indicates ex-type strains.

Xiong, YinRu · Manawasinghe, Ishara S. · Zhang, MiaoMiao · et al.

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Figure 4 Lentimurispora arundinis (holotype, HKAS 155057). a, b. Appearance of sporodochia on host substrate. c–f. Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. g–l. Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. m. Germinated conidium. n. Culture on PDA from above and reverse. Scale bars: 50 μm (c); 20 μm (d, e); 10 μm (f–m).

Xiong, YinRu · Manawasinghe, Ishara S. · Zhang, MiaoMiao · et al.

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Figure 3 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis of selected Pleosporales based on the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-α sequence dataset, with one Neoroussoella taxon and one Pseudoroussoella taxon as the outgroup. Bootstrap support for maximum likelihood (ML) equal to or greater than 75% and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) equal to or greater than 0.90 are indicated above the branches as ML/BIPP. The scale bar indicates 0.04 nucleotide changes per site. Isolates from this study are marked in red, and ex-type strains are indicated in bold.

Xiong, YinRu · Manawasinghe, Ishara S. · Zhang, MiaoMiao · et al.

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Figure 2 Stachylidium arundinis (holotype, HKAS 155056). a, b. Appearance of sporodochia on host substrate. c, d. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with conidia. e, f. Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. g. Conidia. h. Culture on PDA from above and reverse. Scale bars: 50 μm (c); 20 μm (d); 10 μm (e–g).

Xiong, YinRu · Manawasinghe, Ishara S. · Zhang, MiaoMiao · et al.

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Figure 1 Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis of Trichosphaeriaceae based on the combined ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-α sequence dataset, with two Brunneomyces taxa as the outgroup. Bootstrap support for maximum likelihood (ML) equal to or greater than 75% and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) equal to or greater than 0.90 are indicated above the branches as ML/BIPP. The scale bar indicates 0.04 nucleotide changes per site. Isolates from this study are marked in red, and ex-type strains are indicated in bold.

Nie, Yong · Huang, Bo

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Figure 3 The developmental origin of primary conidiophores and the pattern of septation during primary conida formation between Basidiobolus meristosporus and Drechslerosporium cornellii.

Nie, Yong · Huang, Bo

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Figure 2 Drechslerosporium cornellii ARSEF 7942. A, B. Mycelia and primary conidiophore with a propulsive distention at the tip; C, D, E, F. Conidia with an apical protrusion at the base; G, H, I, J. Secondary conidiophores bearing a single secondary conidium; K, L. Secondary conidiophores bearing a single capilliconidium; M, N. Elongated capilliconidia; O–R. A single conidiophore bearing a digitate terminal chlamydospore. Scale bars: 10 μm (A–R).

Nie, Yong · Huang, Bo

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Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree of the family Basidiobolaceae based on 28S, ITS, and RPB2 loci. Olpidium brassicae (AFTOL-ID 633) and Powellomyces sp. (AFTOL-ID 32) were used as outgroups. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values (≥ 50%) / Bayesian posterior probabilities (≥ 0.80) are indicated along each branch. The scale bar at the bottom left indicates the number of substitutions per site. New species is indicated in bold and new genus is highlighted in red.

Vaughn, Morgan · Harper, Dekon · Reiter, Lexi · et al.

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Figure 5 Distributions of Xylopia ochrantha, X. peruviana, and X. rubrolineata in South America. Green shading indicates forest cover as of January 2026. "World Countries" and "Environment Map" layers are shown.

Vaughn, Morgan · Harper, Dekon · Reiter, Lexi · et al.

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Figure 4 Xylopia rubrolineata. A. Flower bud; B. Flower bud showing cauline attachment; C, D. Leaves; E. Seed, view of micropylar end; F. Seed, side view; G. Fruit; H. Outer petal, adaxial view; I. Inner petal, adaxial view; J. Stamen, abaxial view; K, L. Staminodes, abaxial view; M. Abscised stigma, side view; A, C. From Sperling et al. 5987 (NY); B, D. From Chatrou et al. 410 (OWU); E–G. From Silva & Souza 2334 (OWU); H, I. From Silva & Souza 2459 (OWU); J–M. From Sperling et al. 5987 (MO).

Vaughn, Morgan · Harper, Dekon · Reiter, Lexi · et al.

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Figure 3 Xylopia rubrolineata (XY-peruviana clade). A. Cauliflory, Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 12 October 2011, R. Hoyer; B. Flower at anthesis, apical view, Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 12 October 2011, R. Hoyer; C. Fruit on trunk, Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 19 August 2025, M. Z. Ferreira; D. Inflorescence on trunk, showing dehisced monocarp and seeds, and flower buds, Cristalino Lodge, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 12 August 2022, S. Freire. Photographs used under the terms of the Creative Commons license for iNaturalist.

Vaughn, Morgan · Harper, Dekon · Reiter, Lexi · et al.

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Figure 2 Phylogenetic distribution of trunciflory in Xylopia sect. Xylopia. Species in which trunciflory has been documented are highlighted in blue. Phylogeny and dates are those determined by Nge et al. (2026): all branches are fully supported based on maximum likelihood (RAxML) and species-tree (ASTRAL) analyses unless otherwise indicated. Submaximal values are displayed as "bootstrap/local posterior probability;" an asterisk indicates full support for the undisplayed value; a hyphen indicates that the particular clade was not recovered in the ASTRAL analysis. Names in the right-hand column are clade names as used in Johnson et al. (2025) and Nge et al. (2026).

Vaughn, Morgan · Harper, Dekon · Reiter, Lexi · et al.

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Figure 1 Morphological aspects of cauliflorous Neotropical species of Xylopia and of the Xylopia XY-peruviana clade. A. Twigs and flower buds of X. benthamii, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil, 13 January 2024, E. D. Koch; B. Fruit of X. ochrantha, Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil, 8 October 2022, J. N. F. Rizzo; C. Flower of X. benthamii, December 2023, Í. Rocha; D. Twig of X. decorticans, Santa Maria de Jetibá, Espírito Santo, Brazil, 4 October 2023, L. Calazans; E. Side view of flower bud and flower of X. crinita, Pastaza Canton, Ecuador, 19 September 2022, T. L. P. Couvreur; F. Shoot apex of X. peruviana R.E. Fr., showing, left to right, the terminal bud scar, pseudoterminal bud, and petiole of leaf, from Williams 6192 (US), D. M. Johnson; G. Flower of X. longicuspis, Pastaza Canton, Ecuador, 21 September 2022, T. L. P. Couvreur; H. Inflorescence of X. ulei Diels, Pastaza Canton, Ecuador, 21 September 2022, T. L. P. Couvreur; I. Flower, apical view, of X. ochrantha, Pernambuco, Brazil, April 2010, T. Leão. Photographs used under the terms of the Creative Commons license for iNaturalist.

Xu, Yue-Liang · Zheng, Zi-Hong · Lu, Yi-Fei · et al.

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Figure 3 Elatostema weizhianum sp. nov. A. Habit of pistillate individual; B. Leaf, adaxial surface; C. Leaf, abaxial surface; D. Pistillate inflorescence and stipule; E. Pistillate inflorescence; F. Habit of staminate individual; G. Stipule; H. Staminate inflorescence; I. Staminate inflorescence, showing receptacle.

Xu, Yue-Liang · Zheng, Zi-Hong · Lu, Yi-Fei · et al.

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Figure 2 Elatostema weizhianum sp. nov. A. Habit; B. Lower part of leaf, showing abaxial indumentum and triplinerved base; C. Stipule; D. Receptacle, showing bracts; E. Outer bract; F. Bracteoles; G. Achene.

Xu, Yue-Liang · Zheng, Zi-Hong · Lu, Yi-Fei · et al.

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Figure 1 Phylogenetic relationships of Elatostema inferred from ITS, psbA-trnH, and psbM-trnD based on ML and BI methods. Bootstrap values (BS) and posterior probability values (PP) are shown above the branches; only BS > 50% or PP > 0.7 are shown.